borsh/

nostd_io.rs

//! Taken from https://github.com/bbqsrc/bare-io (with adjustments)

use crate::__private::maybestd::string::String;
use core::{convert::From, fmt, result};

/// A specialized [`Result`] type for I/O operations.
///
/// This type is broadly used across [`std::io`] for any operation which may
/// produce an error.
///
/// This typedef is generally used to avoid writing out [`io::Error`] directly and
/// is otherwise a direct mapping to [`Result`].
///
/// While usual Rust style is to import types directly, aliases of [`Result`]
/// often are not, to make it easier to distinguish between them. [`Result`] is
/// generally assumed to be [`std::result::Result`][`Result`], and so users of this alias
/// will generally use `io::Result` instead of shadowing the [prelude]'s import
/// of [`std::result::Result`][`Result`].
///
/// [`std::io`]: crate::io
/// [`io::Error`]: Error
/// [`Result`]: crate::result::Result
/// [prelude]: crate::prelude
///
/// # Examples
///
/// A convenience function that bubbles an `io::Result` to its caller:
///
/// ```
/// use std::io;
///
/// fn get_string() -> io::Result<String> {
///     let mut buffer = String::new();
///
///     io::stdin().read_line(&mut buffer)?;
///
///     Ok(buffer)
/// }
/// ```
pub type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Error>;

/// The error type for I/O operations of the [`Read`], [`Write`], [`Seek`], and
/// associated traits.
///
/// Errors mostly originate from the underlying OS, but custom instances of
/// `Error` can be created with crafted error messages and a particular value of
/// [`ErrorKind`].
///
/// [`Read`]: crate::io::Read
/// [`Write`]: crate::io::Write
/// [`Seek`]: crate::io::Seek
pub struct Error {
    repr: Repr,
}

impl fmt::Debug for Error {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.repr, f)
    }
}

enum Repr {
    Simple(ErrorKind),
    Custom(Custom),
}

#[derive(Debug)]
struct Custom {
    kind: ErrorKind,
    error: String,
}

/// A list specifying general categories of I/O error.
///
/// This list is intended to grow over time and it is not recommended to
/// exhaustively match against it.
///
/// It is used with the [`io::Error`] type.
///
/// [`io::Error`]: Error
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
// #[allow(deprecated)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum ErrorKind {
    /// An entity was not found, often a file.
    NotFound,
    /// The operation lacked the necessary privileges to complete.
    PermissionDenied,
    /// The connection was refused by the remote server.
    ConnectionRefused,
    /// The connection was reset by the remote server.
    ConnectionReset,
    /// The connection was aborted (terminated) by the remote server.
    ConnectionAborted,
    /// The network operation failed because it was not connected yet.
    NotConnected,
    /// A socket address could not be bound because the address is already in
    /// use elsewhere.
    AddrInUse,
    /// A nonexistent interface was requested or the requested address was not
    /// local.
    AddrNotAvailable,
    /// The operation failed because a pipe was closed.
    BrokenPipe,
    /// An entity already exists, often a file.
    AlreadyExists,
    /// The operation needs to block to complete, but the blocking operation was
    /// requested to not occur.
    WouldBlock,
    /// A parameter was incorrect.
    InvalidInput,
    /// Data not valid for the operation were encountered.
    ///
    /// Unlike [`InvalidInput`], this typically means that the operation
    /// parameters were valid, however the error was caused by malformed
    /// input data.
    ///
    /// For example, a function that reads a file into a string will error with
    /// `InvalidData` if the file's contents are not valid UTF-8.
    ///
    /// [`InvalidInput`]: ErrorKind::InvalidInput
    InvalidData,
    /// The I/O operation's timeout expired, causing it to be canceled.
    TimedOut,
    /// An error returned when an operation could not be completed because a
    /// call to [`write`] returned [`Ok(0)`].
    ///
    /// This typically means that an operation could only succeed if it wrote a
    /// particular number of bytes but only a smaller number of bytes could be
    /// written.
    ///
    /// [`write`]: crate::io::Write::write
    /// [`Ok(0)`]: Ok
    WriteZero,
    /// This operation was interrupted.
    ///
    /// Interrupted operations can typically be retried.
    Interrupted,
    /// Any I/O error not part of this list.
    ///
    /// Errors that are `Other` now may move to a different or a new
    /// [`ErrorKind`] variant in the future. It is not recommended to match
    /// an error against `Other` and to expect any additional characteristics,
    /// e.g., a specific [`Error::raw_os_error`] return value.
    Other,

    /// An error returned when an operation could not be completed because an
    /// "end of file" was reached prematurely.
    ///
    /// This typically means that an operation could only succeed if it read a
    /// particular number of bytes but only a smaller number of bytes could be
    /// read.
    UnexpectedEof,

    /// An operation could not be completed, because it failed
    /// to allocate enough memory.
    OutOfMemory,
}

impl ErrorKind {
    pub(crate) fn as_str(&self) -> &'static str {
        match *self {
            ErrorKind::NotFound => "entity not found",
            ErrorKind::PermissionDenied => "permission denied",
            ErrorKind::ConnectionRefused => "connection refused",
            ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => "connection reset",
            ErrorKind::ConnectionAborted => "connection aborted",
            ErrorKind::NotConnected => "not connected",
            ErrorKind::AddrInUse => "address in use",
            ErrorKind::AddrNotAvailable => "address not available",
            ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => "broken pipe",
            ErrorKind::AlreadyExists => "entity already exists",
            ErrorKind::WouldBlock => "operation would block",
            ErrorKind::InvalidInput => "invalid input parameter",
            ErrorKind::InvalidData => "invalid data",
            ErrorKind::TimedOut => "timed out",
            ErrorKind::WriteZero => "write zero",
            ErrorKind::Interrupted => "operation interrupted",
            ErrorKind::Other => "other os error",
            ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof => "unexpected end of file",
            ErrorKind::OutOfMemory => "out of memory",
        }
    }
}

/// Intended for use for errors not exposed to the user, where allocating onto
/// the heap (for normal construction via Error::new) is too costly.
impl From<ErrorKind> for Error {
    /// Converts an [`ErrorKind`] into an [`Error`].
    ///
    /// This conversion allocates a new error with a simple representation of error kind.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::io::{Error, ErrorKind};
    ///
    /// let not_found = ErrorKind::NotFound;
    /// let error = Error::from(not_found);
    /// assert_eq!("entity not found", format!("{}", error));
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    fn from(kind: ErrorKind) -> Error {
        Error {
            repr: Repr::Simple(kind),
        }
    }
}

impl Error {
    /// Creates a new I/O error from a known kind of error as well as an
    /// arbitrary error payload.
    ///
    /// This function is used to generically create I/O errors which do not
    /// originate from the OS itself. The `error` argument is an arbitrary
    /// payload which will be contained in this [`Error`].
    ///
    /// Note that this function allocates memory on the heap.
    /// If no extra payload is required, use the `From` conversion from
    /// `ErrorKind`.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::io::{Error, ErrorKind};
    ///
    /// // errors can be created from strings
    /// let custom_error = Error::new(ErrorKind::Other, "oh no!");
    ///
    /// // errors can also be created from other errors
    /// let custom_error2 = Error::new(ErrorKind::Interrupted, custom_error);
    ///
    /// // creating an error without payload (and without memory allocation)
    /// let eof_error = Error::from(ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof);
    /// ```
    #[inline(never)]
    pub fn new<E>(kind: ErrorKind, error: E) -> Error
    where
        E: Into<String>,
    {
        Self::_new(kind, error.into())
    }

    /// Creates a new I/O error from an arbitrary error payload.
    ///
    /// This function is used to generically create I/O errors which do not
    /// originate from the OS itself. It is a shortcut for [`Error::new`]
    /// with [`ErrorKind::Other`].
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::io::Error;
    ///
    /// // errors can be created from strings
    /// let custom_error = Error::other("oh no!");
    ///
    /// // errors can also be created from other errors
    /// let custom_error2 = Error::other(custom_error);
    /// ```
    pub fn other<E>(error: E) -> Error
    where
        E: Into<String>,
    {
        Self::_new(ErrorKind::Other, error.into())
    }

    fn _new(kind: ErrorKind, error: String) -> Error {
        Error {
            repr: Repr::Custom(Custom { kind, error }),
        }
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the inner error wrapped by this error (if any).
    ///
    /// If this [`Error`] was constructed via [`new`] then this function will
    /// return [`Some`], otherwise it will return [`None`].
    ///
    /// [`new`]: Error::new
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::io::{Error, ErrorKind};
    ///
    /// fn print_error(err: &Error) {
    ///     if let Some(inner_err) = err.get_ref() {
    ///         println!("Inner error: {:?}", inner_err);
    ///     } else {
    ///         println!("No inner error");
    ///     }
    /// }
    ///
    /// fn main() {
    ///     // Will print "No inner error".
    ///     print_error(&Error::last_os_error());
    ///     // Will print "Inner error: ...".
    ///     print_error(&Error::new(ErrorKind::Other, "oh no!"));
    /// }
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_ref(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        match self.repr {
            Repr::Simple(..) => None,
            Repr::Custom(ref c) => Some(&c.error),
        }
    }

    /// Consumes the `Error`, returning its inner error (if any).
    ///
    /// If this [`Error`] was constructed via [`new`] then this function will
    /// return [`Some`], otherwise it will return [`None`].
    ///
    /// [`new`]: Error::new
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::io::{Error, ErrorKind};
    ///
    /// fn print_error(err: Error) {
    ///     if let Some(inner_err) = err.into_inner() {
    ///         println!("Inner error: {}", inner_err);
    ///     } else {
    ///         println!("No inner error");
    ///     }
    /// }
    ///
    /// fn main() {
    ///     // Will print "No inner error".
    ///     print_error(Error::last_os_error());
    ///     // Will print "Inner error: ...".
    ///     print_error(Error::new(ErrorKind::Other, "oh no!"));
    /// }
    /// ```
    #[must_use = "`self` will be dropped if the result is not used"]
    #[inline]
    pub fn into_inner(self) -> Option<String> {
        match self.repr {
            Repr::Simple(..) => None,
            Repr::Custom(c) => Some(c.error),
        }
    }

    /// Returns the corresponding [`ErrorKind`] for this error.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::io::{Error, ErrorKind};
    ///
    /// fn print_error(err: Error) {
    ///     println!("{:?}", err.kind());
    /// }
    ///
    /// fn main() {
    ///     // Will print "Other".
    ///     print_error(Error::last_os_error());
    ///     // Will print "AddrInUse".
    ///     print_error(Error::new(ErrorKind::AddrInUse, "oh no!"));
    /// }
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    #[inline]
    pub fn kind(&self) -> ErrorKind {
        match self.repr {
            Repr::Custom(ref c) => c.kind,
            Repr::Simple(kind) => kind,
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for Repr {
    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        match *self {
            Repr::Custom(ref c) => fmt::Debug::fmt(&c, fmt),
            Repr::Simple(kind) => fmt.debug_tuple("Kind").field(&kind).finish(),
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for Error {
    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        match self.repr {
            Repr::Custom(ref c) => c.error.fmt(fmt),
            Repr::Simple(kind) => write!(fmt, "{}", kind.as_str()),
        }
    }
}

fn _assert_error_is_sync_send() {
    fn _is_sync_send<T: Sync + Send>() {}
    _is_sync_send::<Error>();
}

/// A trait for objects which are byte-oriented sinks.
///
/// Implementors of the `Write` trait are sometimes called 'writers'.
///
/// Writers are defined by two required methods, [`write`] and [`flush`]:
///
/// * The [`write`] method will attempt to write some data into the object,
///   returning how many bytes were successfully written.
///
/// * The [`flush`] method is useful for adaptors and explicit buffers
///   themselves for ensuring that all buffered data has been pushed out to the
///   'true sink'.
///
/// Writers are intended to be composable with one another. Many implementors
/// throughout [`std::io`] take and provide types which implement the `Write`
/// trait.
///
/// [`write`]: Write::write
/// [`flush`]: Write::flush
/// [`std::io`]: self
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// use std::io::prelude::*;
/// use std::fs::File;
///
/// fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
///     let data = b"some bytes";
///
///     let mut pos = 0;
///     let mut buffer = File::create("foo.txt")?;
///
///     while pos < data.len() {
///         let bytes_written = buffer.write(&data[pos..])?;
///         pos += bytes_written;
///     }
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// ```
///
/// The trait also provides convenience methods like [`write_all`], which calls
/// `write` in a loop until its entire input has been written.
///
/// [`write_all`]: Write::write_all
pub trait Write {
    /// Write a buffer into this writer, returning how many bytes were written.
    ///
    /// This function will attempt to write the entire contents of `buf`, but
    /// the entire write may not succeed, or the write may also generate an
    /// error. A call to `write` represents *at most one* attempt to write to
    /// any wrapped object.
    ///
    /// Calls to `write` are not guaranteed to block waiting for data to be
    /// written, and a write which would otherwise block can be indicated through
    /// an [`Err`] variant.
    ///
    /// If the return value is [`Ok(n)`] then it must be guaranteed that
    /// `n <= buf.len()`. A return value of `0` typically means that the
    /// underlying object is no longer able to accept bytes and will likely not
    /// be able to in the future as well, or that the buffer provided is empty.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Each call to `write` may generate an I/O error indicating that the
    /// operation could not be completed. If an error is returned then no bytes
    /// in the buffer were written to this writer.
    ///
    /// It is **not** considered an error if the entire buffer could not be
    /// written to this writer.
    ///
    /// An error of the [`ErrorKind::Interrupted`] kind is non-fatal and the
    /// write operation should be retried if there is nothing else to do.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// use std::io::prelude::*;
    /// use std::fs::File;
    ///
    /// fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    ///     let mut buffer = File::create("foo.txt")?;
    ///
    ///     // Writes some prefix of the byte string, not necessarily all of it.
    ///     buffer.write(b"some bytes")?;
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [`Ok(n)`]: Ok
    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<usize>;

    /// Flush this output stream, ensuring that all intermediately buffered
    /// contents reach their destination.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// It is considered an error if not all bytes could be written due to
    /// I/O errors or EOF being reached.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// use std::io::prelude::*;
    /// use std::io::BufWriter;
    /// use std::fs::File;
    ///
    /// fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    ///     let mut buffer = BufWriter::new(File::create("foo.txt")?);
    ///
    ///     buffer.write_all(b"some bytes")?;
    ///     buffer.flush()?;
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// ```
    fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<()>;

    /// Attempts to write an entire buffer into this writer.
    ///
    /// This method will continuously call [`write`] until there is no more data
    /// to be written or an error of non-[`ErrorKind::Interrupted`] kind is
    /// returned. This method will not return until the entire buffer has been
    /// successfully written or such an error occurs. The first error that is
    /// not of [`ErrorKind::Interrupted`] kind generated from this method will be
    /// returned.
    ///
    /// If the buffer contains no data, this will never call [`write`].
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This function will return the first error of
    /// non-[`ErrorKind::Interrupted`] kind that [`write`] returns.
    ///
    /// [`write`]: Write::write
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// use std::io::prelude::*;
    /// use std::fs::File;
    ///
    /// fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    ///     let mut buffer = File::create("foo.txt")?;
    ///
    ///     buffer.write_all(b"some bytes")?;
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// ```
    fn write_all(&mut self, mut buf: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
        while !buf.is_empty() {
            match self.write(buf) {
                Ok(0) => {
                    return Err(Error::new(
                        ErrorKind::WriteZero,
                        "failed to write whole buffer",
                    ));
                }
                Ok(n) => buf = &buf[n..],
                Err(ref e) if e.kind() == ErrorKind::Interrupted => {}
                Err(e) => return Err(e),
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }
    /// Writes a formatted string into this writer, returning any error
    /// encountered.
    ///
    /// This method is primarily used to interface with the
    /// [`format_args!()`] macro, but it is rare that this should
    /// explicitly be called. The [`write!()`] macro should be favored to
    /// invoke this method instead.
    ///
    /// This function internally uses the [`write_all`] method on
    /// this trait and hence will continuously write data so long as no errors
    /// are received. This also means that partial writes are not indicated in
    /// this signature.
    ///
    /// [`write_all`]: Write::write_all
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This function will return any I/O error reported while formatting.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// use std::io::prelude::*;
    /// use std::fs::File;
    ///
    /// fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    ///     let mut buffer = File::create("foo.txt")?;
    ///
    ///     // this call
    ///     write!(buffer, "{:.*}", 2, 1.234567)?;
    ///     // turns into this:
    ///     buffer.write_fmt(format_args!("{:.*}", 2, 1.234567))?;
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// ```
    fn write_fmt(&mut self, fmt: fmt::Arguments<'_>) -> Result<()> {
        // Create a shim which translates a Write to a fmt::Write and saves
        // off I/O errors. instead of discarding them
        struct Adaptor<'a, T: ?Sized + 'a> {
            inner: &'a mut T,
            error: Result<()>,
        }

        impl<T: Write + ?Sized> fmt::Write for Adaptor<'_, T> {
            fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
                match self.inner.write_all(s.as_bytes()) {
                    Ok(()) => Ok(()),
                    Err(e) => {
                        self.error = Err(e);
                        Err(fmt::Error)
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        let mut output = Adaptor {
            inner: self,
            error: Ok(()),
        };
        match fmt::write(&mut output, fmt) {
            Ok(()) => Ok(()),
            Err(..) => {
                // check if the error came from the underlying `Write` or not
                if output.error.is_err() {
                    output.error
                } else {
                    Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::Other, "formatter error"))
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Creates a "by reference" adaptor for this instance of `Write`.
    ///
    /// The returned adaptor also implements `Write` and will simply borrow this
    /// current writer.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// use std::io::Write;
    /// use std::fs::File;
    ///
    /// fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    ///     let mut buffer = File::create("foo.txt")?;
    ///
    ///     let reference = buffer.by_ref();
    ///
    ///     // we can use reference just like our original buffer
    ///     reference.write_all(b"some bytes")?;
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// ```
    fn by_ref(&mut self) -> &mut Self
    where
        Self: Sized,
    {
        self
    }
}

impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for &mut W {
    #[inline]
    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<usize> {
        (**self).write(buf)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        (**self).flush()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn write_all(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
        (**self).write_all(buf)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn write_fmt(&mut self, fmt: fmt::Arguments<'_>) -> Result<()> {
        (**self).write_fmt(fmt)
    }
}

/// Write is implemented for `&mut [u8]` by copying into the slice, overwriting
/// its data.
///
/// Note that writing updates the slice to point to the yet unwritten part.
/// The slice will be empty when it has been completely overwritten.
impl Write for &mut [u8] {
    #[inline]
    fn write(&mut self, data: &[u8]) -> Result<usize> {
        let amt = core::cmp::min(data.len(), self.len());
        let (a, b) = core::mem::replace(self, &mut []).split_at_mut(amt);
        a.copy_from_slice(&data[..amt]);
        *self = b;
        Ok(amt)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn write_all(&mut self, data: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
        if self.write(data)? == data.len() {
            Ok(())
        } else {
            Err(Error::new(
                ErrorKind::WriteZero,
                "failed to write whole buffer",
            ))
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// Write is implemented for `Vec<u8>` by appending to the vector.
/// The vector will grow as needed.
impl Write for alloc::vec::Vec<u8> {
    #[inline]
    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<usize> {
        self.extend_from_slice(buf);
        Ok(buf.len())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn write_all(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
        self.extend_from_slice(buf);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// The `Read` trait allows for reading bytes from a source.
///
/// Implementors of the `Read` trait are called 'readers'.
///
/// Readers are defined by one required method, [`read()`]. Each call to [`read()`]
/// will attempt to pull bytes from this source into a provided buffer. A
/// number of other methods are implemented in terms of [`read()`], giving
/// implementors a number of ways to read bytes while only needing to implement
/// a single method.
///
/// Readers are intended to be composable with one another. Many implementors
/// throughout [`std::io`] take and provide types which implement the `Read`
/// trait.
///
/// Please note that each call to [`read()`] may involve a system call, and
/// therefore, using something that implements [`BufRead`], such as
/// [`BufReader`], will be more efficient.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// [`File`]s implement `Read`:
///
/// ```no_run
/// use std::io;
/// use std::io::prelude::*;
/// use std::fs::File;
///
/// fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
///     let mut f = File::open("foo.txt")?;
///     let mut buffer = [0; 10];
///
///     // read up to 10 bytes
///     f.read(&mut buffer)?;
///
///     let mut buffer = Vec::new();
///     // read the whole file
///     f.read_to_end(&mut buffer)?;
///
///     // read into a String, so that you don't need to do the conversion.
///     let mut buffer = String::new();
///     f.read_to_string(&mut buffer)?;
///
///     // and more! See the other methods for more details.
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// ```
///
/// Read from [`&str`] because [`&[u8]`][prim@slice] implements `Read`:
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use std::io;
/// use std::io::prelude::*;
///
/// fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
///     let mut b = "This string will be read".as_bytes();
///     let mut buffer = [0; 10];
///
///     // read up to 10 bytes
///     b.read(&mut buffer)?;
///
///     // etc... it works exactly as a File does!
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// ```
///
/// [`read()`]: Read::read
/// [`&str`]: prim@str
/// [`std::io`]: self
/// [`File`]: crate::fs::File
pub trait Read {
    /// Pull some bytes from this source into the specified buffer, returning
    /// how many bytes were read.
    ///
    /// This function does not provide any guarantees about whether it blocks
    /// waiting for data, but if an object needs to block for a read and cannot,
    /// it will typically signal this via an [`Err`] return value.
    ///
    /// If the return value of this method is [`Ok(n)`], then implementations must
    /// guarantee that `0 <= n <= buf.len()`. A nonzero `n` value indicates
    /// that the buffer `buf` has been filled in with `n` bytes of data from this
    /// source. If `n` is `0`, then it can indicate one of two scenarios:
    ///
    /// 1. This reader has reached its "end of file" and will likely no longer
    ///    be able to produce bytes. Note that this does not mean that the
    ///    reader will *always* no longer be able to produce bytes. As an example,
    ///    on Linux, this method will call the `recv` syscall for a [`TcpStream`],
    ///    where returning zero indicates the connection was shut down correctly. While
    ///    for [`File`], it is possible to reach the end of file and get zero as result,
    ///    but if more data is appended to the file, future calls to `read` will return
    ///    more data.
    /// 2. The buffer specified was 0 bytes in length.
    ///
    /// It is not an error if the returned value `n` is smaller than the buffer size,
    /// even when the reader is not at the end of the stream yet.
    /// This may happen for example because fewer bytes are actually available right now
    /// (e. g. being close to end-of-file) or because read() was interrupted by a signal.
    ///
    /// As this trait is safe to implement, callers cannot rely on `n <= buf.len()` for safety.
    /// Extra care needs to be taken when `unsafe` functions are used to access the read bytes.
    /// Callers have to ensure that no unchecked out-of-bounds accesses are possible even if
    /// `n > buf.len()`.
    ///
    /// No guarantees are provided about the contents of `buf` when this
    /// function is called, implementations cannot rely on any property of the
    /// contents of `buf` being true. It is recommended that *implementations*
    /// only write data to `buf` instead of reading its contents.
    ///
    /// Correspondingly, however, *callers* of this method must not assume any guarantees
    /// about how the implementation uses `buf`. The trait is safe to implement,
    /// so it is possible that the code that's supposed to write to the buffer might also read
    /// from it. It is your responsibility to make sure that `buf` is initialized
    /// before calling `read`. Calling `read` with an uninitialized `buf` (of the kind one
    /// obtains via [`MaybeUninit<T>`]) is not safe, and can lead to undefined behavior.
    ///
    /// [`MaybeUninit<T>`]: crate::mem::MaybeUninit
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// If this function encounters any form of I/O or other error, an error
    /// variant will be returned. If an error is returned then it must be
    /// guaranteed that no bytes were read.
    ///
    /// An error of the [`ErrorKind::Interrupted`] kind is non-fatal and the read
    /// operation should be retried if there is nothing else to do.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// [`File`]s implement `Read`:
    ///
    /// [`Ok(n)`]: Ok
    /// [`File`]: crate::fs::File
    /// [`TcpStream`]: crate::net::TcpStream
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// use std::io;
    /// use std::io::prelude::*;
    /// use std::fs::File;
    ///
    /// fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
    ///     let mut f = File::open("foo.txt")?;
    ///     let mut buffer = [0; 10];
    ///
    ///     // read up to 10 bytes
    ///     let n = f.read(&mut buffer[..])?;
    ///
    ///     println!("The bytes: {:?}", &buffer[..n]);
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// ```
    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize>;

    /// Read the exact number of bytes required to fill `buf`.
    ///
    /// This function reads as many bytes as necessary to completely fill the
    /// specified buffer `buf`.
    ///
    /// No guarantees are provided about the contents of `buf` when this
    /// function is called, implementations cannot rely on any property of the
    /// contents of `buf` being true. It is recommended that implementations
    /// only write data to `buf` instead of reading its contents. The
    /// documentation on [`read`] has a more detailed explanation on this
    /// subject.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// If this function encounters an error of the kind
    /// [`ErrorKind::Interrupted`] then the error is ignored and the operation
    /// will continue.
    ///
    /// If this function encounters an "end of file" before completely filling
    /// the buffer, it returns an error of the kind [`ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof`].
    /// The contents of `buf` are unspecified in this case.
    ///
    /// If any other read error is encountered then this function immediately
    /// returns. The contents of `buf` are unspecified in this case.
    ///
    /// If this function returns an error, it is unspecified how many bytes it
    /// has read, but it will never read more than would be necessary to
    /// completely fill the buffer.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// [`File`]s implement `Read`:
    ///
    /// [`read`]: Read::read
    /// [`File`]: crate::fs::File
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// use std::io;
    /// use std::io::prelude::*;
    /// use std::fs::File;
    ///
    /// fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
    ///     let mut f = File::open("foo.txt")?;
    ///     let mut buffer = [0; 10];
    ///
    ///     // read exactly 10 bytes
    ///     f.read_exact(&mut buffer)?;
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// ```
    fn read_exact(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<()> {
        default_read_exact(self, buf)
    }

    /// Creates a "by reference" adaptor for this instance of `Read`.
    ///
    /// The returned adapter also implements `Read` and will simply borrow this
    /// current reader.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// [`File`]s implement `Read`:
    ///
    /// [`File`]: crate::fs::File
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// use std::io;
    /// use std::io::Read;
    /// use std::fs::File;
    ///
    /// fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
    ///     let mut f = File::open("foo.txt")?;
    ///     let mut buffer = Vec::new();
    ///     let mut other_buffer = Vec::new();
    ///
    ///     {
    ///         let reference = f.by_ref();
    ///
    ///         // read at most 5 bytes
    ///         reference.take(5).read_to_end(&mut buffer)?;
    ///
    ///     } // drop our &mut reference so we can use f again
    ///
    ///     // original file still usable, read the rest
    ///     f.read_to_end(&mut other_buffer)?;
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// ```
    fn by_ref(&mut self) -> &mut Self
    where
        Self: Sized,
    {
        self
    }
}

fn default_read_exact<R: Read + ?Sized>(this: &mut R, mut buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<()> {
    while !buf.is_empty() {
        match this.read(buf) {
            Ok(0) => break,
            Ok(n) => {
                let tmp = buf;
                buf = &mut tmp[n..];
            }
            Err(ref e) if e.kind() == ErrorKind::Interrupted => {}
            Err(e) => return Err(e),
        }
    }
    if !buf.is_empty() {
        Err(Error::new(
            ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof,
            "failed to fill whole buffer",
        ))
    } else {
        Ok(())
    }
}

impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for &mut R {
    #[inline]
    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize> {
        (**self).read(buf)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn read_exact(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<()> {
        (**self).read_exact(buf)
    }
}

impl Read for &[u8] {
    #[inline]
    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize> {
        let amt = core::cmp::min(buf.len(), self.len());
        let (a, b) = self.split_at(amt);

        // First check if the amount of bytes we want to read is small:
        // `copy_from_slice` will generally expand to a call to `memcpy`, and
        // for a single byte the overhead is significant.
        if amt == 1 {
            buf[0] = a[0];
        } else {
            buf[..amt].copy_from_slice(a);
        }

        *self = b;
        Ok(amt)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn read_exact(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<()> {
        if buf.len() > self.len() {
            return Err(Error::new(
                ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof,
                "failed to fill whole buffer",
            ));
        }
        let (a, b) = self.split_at(buf.len());

        // First check if the amount of bytes we want to read is small:
        // `copy_from_slice` will generally expand to a call to `memcpy`, and
        // for a single byte the overhead is significant.
        if buf.len() == 1 {
            buf[0] = a[0];
        } else {
            buf.copy_from_slice(a);
        }

        *self = b;
        Ok(())
    }
}